DD122 Open University Course

Uncorrected Notes from Block One - Globalisation

OU DD122 Introduction


Is it true to say that there is now a single global economy?


Introduction


Issues:


1 – What is globalisation?

  • How to conceptualise it?

  • To which parts of social life does it apply?


2 – How significant is contemporary globalisation?

  • What is new about it? How is it different, for example, to Islam's rise?


3 – What is the impact of globalisation?

  • On the sovereignty and autonomy of nation-states?

    • Autonomy = State practically shapes the destinies of its subjects without outside influence.


4 – Are there winners and losers?


Think through the questions in terms of course themes = ask questions, eg. more diversity have neg. reactions sometimes etc.

Think about changing flows of knowledge as parts of the key skills work.


Key Skills


Considering which theory best fits evidence is evaluation, the last step on the circuit of knowledge.


Tests:


Coherence

  • Three sub-tests:

    • Clarity of key claims and concepts.

    • How logical the links of reasoning.

    • Plausibility of assumptions

      • Eg. democracy is good for economy

        • What is meant by 'democracy'

        • How helps economy? eg. stability?

        • Then test the assumptions that democracy causes stability

Empirical Adequacy

  • Evidence

    • Can verify/falsify

Comprehensiveness

  • How broad

    • In space and time

  • How many facets of life does the theory cover?

    • Economic?

    • Social?


A Globalising World? Culture, Politics, Economics


Before globalisation, world ended at the edge of the village, so civilizations were 'discrete worlds'.

Questions:

  • How is globalisation different to the past?

  • Does it reduce sovereignty?

  • Are there winners and losers?


Can't answer all this in detail, but can talk about sovereignty for a long time.

For a long time, the power of nation states was linked to a specific piece of territory.

  • Globalists say nation states are becoming irrelevant.

  • Internationalists resist and say circumstances are now new, and in some ways, the power of states has increased.

  • Transformationalists say there's a change that politics is no longer based on nation-states, the socio-spatial contexts of states and so their operation is changing.



Chapter One – Workbook, Book and Audio


A Globalising Society?


Key Tasks:

  • Understand the concept of globalisation

  • Compare and contrast globalists, internationalists and transformationalists

  • Understand the evidence that can be drawn upon to evaluate competing theories


A GLOBALISING SOCIETY


Introduction


All things, people, ideas, crime etc. move across the globe faster. People's lives affected from decisions far away.

Nationstate = demarkated boundries and internal uniformity of rule ie.e fundamentally defined by specific authority over specific territorial area.

States = cluster of institutions which claim ultimate law-making authorityb over a territory, with monopoly on coercion and violence.

Now, the significance of borders challenged by transactions and relationships which cut across them.


What is globalisation?

Some claims:


Microsoft and Psion, story of trying to dominate global markets

  • Centralisation of power

  • Power as domination


Spatial frames changed i.e. now can bank from anywhere.


Top down power arrangements lose their edge, need to decentralise power and be flexible.


With good communication technology alliances can more easily be formed, so power more fluid.

Sovereignty = state's exclusive claim to power within its boundry



INTERPRETING GLOBALISATION


  • Pollution affects all, and so brings together

  • Four readings show four views of globalisation

    • Homogenization of economy and culture

    • Increased connectedness

    • Unfettered capitalism

    • America as the dominant power.

Connections between people can stretch across boundaries, so a nation-state can not impose an identity on its citizens.


Conclusions


  • Numerous definitions of globalisation.

  • It describes growing global interconnectedness.


DEFINING GLOBALISATION: UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL CHANGE

KEY CONCEPTS:

  • Stretched social relations: cultural, political and economic connections around the world.

  • Regionalisation: Increased interconnection between states that border on each other 'Geographically contiguous states', like EU.


Stretching of social relations, eg. individual consumption decisions affect social cost globally (though how different)


Intensification of Flows

  • of communication flows that is.

    • Shared social space

      • Distinct from territorial space.

      • Eg. famine is then in our social space, through not so far away.


Increasing Interpenetration

  • Economic and social

    • Eg. Macdonalds

    • Western culture showing global influence

      • reverse colonisation, without territorial occupation?


Global Infrastructure

Infrastructure = underlying in/formal institutional arrangements that are required for glabalised networks to operate

  • Some global operations i.e. beyond nation states eg. UN, has global infrastructure as well as operation, WTO, IMF etc.

  • Could be that communication technologies are the infrastructure of global markets, so nation-states are at their mercy. Borders could be irrelenant and power revolve around cities, nodes of world power. some say that the market itself is the regulator.


APPLYING THESE CONCEPTS


  • eg. The export of pollution stretching because social cost is less, ie. people don't live as long to suffer social costs.

  • eg. Nuclear waste to to Oz, is it different to the way Britain has always treated Australia?

  • Intensity varies, eg. all need energy, but pollution can be felt locally, and so there's uneven distribution, unequal power relations mean the intensity of pollution is felt unevenly.

  • Interpenetration eg. Chernobyl, Britain polluted, then Russia not seen as technological superpower, further hastening decline.

  • There was no global regulation, just global, liberal free markets, so the main players can do what they want.


SUMMERY

  • Points from views that accept globalisation:

    • Shift in geography of local and global social relations

    • Unequal economic and power relations

    • Effects of globalisation are geographically uneven

    • In exploring impact:

      • Stretching

      • Intensification

      • Inter penetration

      • Infrastructure


THE BIG DEBATES


Three position sum up the debate about globalisation:

  • Globalists

    • It is a real and tangible phenomenon

    • Social processes now operate on a global scale

    • Can be felt everywhere

      • Borders are less relevant

    • National difference pulled into global flow, so less difference, sovereignty and autonomy: more homogeneous global culture

    • Inevitable development

      • Positive globalists

        • Sharing and understanding

        • Affluence and responsibility

      • Pessimistic globalists

        • Less diverse

        • More homogeneous

        • Dominance of major economic/political players

        • Less sovereignty/identity

        • Unevenness of effects

          • Victims

            • Women

            • The unskilled

  • Internationalists

    • Globalisation = exaggeration

    • Most activity is regional eg. EU

    • Still role for nation states

    • All a continuation of world trading links

    • As globalists do, they cite the victims and support resistance to big business where it is needed.

  • Transformationalist

    • Globlisation is an exaggeration

    • States are still powerful

      • Military

      • Economic

      • Political

    • But it [globalisation] does exist somewhat. There's a significant shirt, but question the inevitability of its impact, still scope for national, local and other agencies.

    • Global companies act in their own interests and nations don't reign them i because of the need to compete globally.

      • So globalisation, then, isn't fixed or inevitable, it's a complex relationship of indirect power.

        • Reversible

        • Global institutions could be democratic.

        • Still a role for nation states.

        • Emphasis on structure of globalisation and the agency of national/local agencies i defining hat is possible


LOOKING FOR THE EVIDENCE


  • Diaspora cultures

    • Stretching relations

    • Jewish diaspora

      • Is it really new?

    • Do trade ad investment spread across the globe, or just in regions? Need to see the trade pasterns since 19C to assess if there really is globalisation now.

    • Is pollution from affluent countries really global?


Have Increased Intensification of Flows Crossed the Globe?

Examples:

  • Spread of communication technologies to most countries

    • How used?

    • By what proportion of the population?

      • Scale only?

      • Or change in the way live lives?

    • Rates of change

      • Last five years, mobile usage?

      • Last five years MacDonald's outlets FIND STUDIES.

    • Extent of global cultural phenomenon

      • Evidence that we feel closer to global cultural icons

    • Level of exchange between countries

      • Evidence of intensification of economic flows

      • Growth in migration in all countries in the world.

        • Can be handled by nation states or are new forms of global government required?

      • Presence/absence of foreign investment dominating he development of large areas of the world?


Is there extensive inerpenetration of economic and social practices?

Examples:

  • US culture going abroad

    • How is it reinterpreted and reintegrated

    • Is it both ways, does something go back and influence US culture

  • Not import/export, must somehow find culture eg. British/Indian food.

    • Do restaurants make a global product tailored to local tastes?

    • There have always been ghettos, but are they more global eg. Thai next to Brazilian?

    • Exports and investments can indicate the flow an how much of the globe is involved?


Is there the emergence of a global infrastructure?

Examples:

  • Communication technologies as a global system

    • Internet

    • Tv

    • Mobiles

  • Emergence of sophisticated 24/7 financial systems.

    • How much do national differences matter?

    • Do smaller, regional exchanges survive/prosper?

    • do variations between systems undermine the arguments of globalists?

    • The experience of countries who have tried to resist the pressure of the global market, eg. devaluation; their success/failure would indicate their sovereignty/agency.

    • New forms of global governance, from transnational interonneions between various world bodies/govs.

      • = less role for nations?

    • EU and WTO

      • Dominated by a few, or with autonomy?

    • Could chart how many global institutions there are.

      • eg. Nato bombing Yugoslavia = state didn't have a monopoly on the use of force within its defined borders.


SUMMERY


All three arguments support their side by selecting different evidence and interpreting it in different ways. Some evidence of intensity and flow of interconnectedness are easy to measure and others are not.


MAPPING GLOBALISATION


Maps are specific representation which present certain information in a certain way.

  • Translation from three to two dimensions


  • Mercator Projection was the most popular for a long time

    • For rders

    • Accurate landmass

      • But makes northern countries look bigger

      • Makes the UK look larger than it is

      • Greenwich meridian

      • North at top

        • Reverse and can feel how significantly maps have affected our understanding of the world.

  • Peters Projection/Gall equal area projection

    • Relative areas accurately expressed

      • Distorts the shape of the continents


Recent redrawing of maps because many more nation states now


Map of world incomes shows north more prosperous

  • But global elite in many cities

  • Fourth world

    • Sick

    • Poor

    • Criminalised

      • Could put on map?


How to put globalisation on a map?

  • Simple links between cities

  • Selective maps can make you think about relationships.

  • Spatial maps involving time


SUMMERY – MAPS


  • Particular understandings and interpretations

  • Each of the three views could have their own maps

    • Eah showing own view of:

      • Dis/connections

      • Social flows

      • Ir/relevance of boundaries


CONCLUSION

Is there globalisation?

  • Stretching of social and economic relations

  • Intensification of communication and other linkage

  • Interpenetration of economic and social practices

  • Emergence4 of global infrastructure


Key positions:

  • Globalists, yes!

  • Internationalists, more skeptical

    • Question extent

    • Stress continuity

  • Transformationalists

    • Say internationalists underestimate change

    • Yes, massive change, but outcome not predictable (which globalists think it is).

      • There's room for action by traditional agencies eg. nation states, and the need for new approaches.


EXTRACTING KEY POINTS FROM CHAPTER ONE


How could you re frame it all in terms of course themes?


  • More diversity because of global brands

  • English language less so as everywhere becomes the same.

  • Difference between rich and poor shows increasing diversity

  • Structural impact of distant decisions


Always reflect on the things you are reading to make sure they make sense to you.

  • Have think about each chapter and reflect on all the meanings at the end and that will save you hours of revision as t will sink deeper.


GLOBALISATION – CONCEPTS AND EVIDENCE


List against which examples of globalisation can be checked:

Stretched social relations

Intensification of flows and interations

Interpeneration of global and local social processes

Development of global infrastructure

Meaning

Evidence

Doubts

Stretched relations

Connection to and impact on distant places.

Global pollution

More countries in international trade.

New shared social space

Internet use patchy

There was always global trade

Regionalisation might be more important

Intensification

Fast speed of links and impact

Increase of electronic flows.

Growth in international information

Still doesn't involve all people, even in the developed world.

Inter penetration

Local affects global and vice-versa

International corps.

Indian/British restaurants.

Brazil soap on Portuguese v.

Is there a real impact, or are these things just added onto people's lives

Infrastructure

Old state controls irrelevant

Role of new information and new technology

Could states reassert control if they wanted to?



Theories of Globalisation

Globalists

Internationalists

Transnationalists

What is globalisation?

Tangible shift in processes on global scale, inevitable global culture and economy.

Over hyped.

Most change is regional.

complex, but still role for states independent action.

How significant in contemporary globalisation?

Much so.

No fundamental change.

Significant, but difficult to quantify. States powerful but need to adjust roles.

What is the impact on sovereignty?

Disappearing.

States can still determine their own priorities and systems of government.

States powerful, but need to adjust roles.

Are there winners and losers?

Positive globs: more affluence.

Pessimist globs: dominant groups will impose agendas on the rest.

Danger of global business imposing it's priorities and increasing inequality. Poor lose out to rich.

All can benefit from more democratic system of government, but unpredictability could make complex patterns of winners and losers.


AUDIO 7A


Skeptics tend to be leftists who want to preserve government control and the welfare state.

Believers tend to be free marketeers.


More money than ever is now turned over daily on the world market = evidence of globalisation.


Culture zones within countries that look outward, like Hong Kong.


soviets went down as state industries couldn't compete globally and information borders open, so less state control.


Only north/US/westernisation? No developing nation has multinational?


Reverse colonization.


CHAPTER TWO – THE GLOBALISATION OF CULTURE


Key Tasks:

  • Understand how comprehending of globalisation can be applied to global flows

  • Understand how the three theories explain cultural change

  • Compare, contrast and evaluate these accounts

  • Work on the presentation and handling of evidence

  • Explore the coherence of theoretical arguments

  • Locate theories of globalisation within larger political ideologies


  • Globalisation is about connections between societies in all ways

  • Many aspects of culture, but focus here on media for the sake of argument

  • Positive globlists say it will be a global village with diversity of voices

  • Pessimists focus on structures

    • Inequalities in ownership of information and devices.

    • World cultures more homogeneous

      • = Key component of the cultural imperialism thesis

        • Long standing explanation of glabalisation f culture

        • Focuses on 'structural patternings' of global domination


Interationalists

  • Media very regional

Transformationalists

  • Diverse and varied


GLOBALISTS


The Global Flow of Culture


  • Growth in exchange of cultural goods

    • Intensification

  • All areas of cultural goods show growth

  • Much has been dependent of the private ownership of communication hardware eg. TB set ownership

    • Not even development

  • Also, growth in channels

  • Public Broadcasting System = available to all and insulated from gov. and bus. interests

    • Public broadcasting has generally declined.

    • In UK commercial sector regulated so not so different. Also, blurring as public RB becomes more populist.

    • Bbc has to be popular to justify lisence fee. ITB TO SATISFY ADVERTISERS. bbc ALSO HAS TO BEAR IN IND THAT IT'S A PUBLIC BROADCASTER.

  • Satellite and cable take up varies wildly between countries and it's dependent on many things.


Positive Globalists

  • Global village – Marshall McLuhan

    • Transcendence of physical space

    • Applies Internet also.


  • Rheingold drawing on Jurgen Habermas

    • Public sphere

      • Free from state control

      • Policy and polity debated by citizens

      • enral to democracy

      • tb too many interests

      • Internet free

        • This argument is about structures.

          • Alternative structures bypass established domination

      • CMC = computer mediated communication

        • When available people yearn for cumunity

      • TV is one voice, Internet is many.

        • Democratizing


Literal enthusiasts of globalisation

  • Market itself is domocratizing

  • Overcomes elitism of public broadcasting.

  • UK policy influenced by this

  • Leading to deregulation

  • So sovereignty of what to watch is with the viewer, rather than some cultural elitist at the BBC.


Pessimistic Globalists

  • Increasing inequality of access to hardware

  • Concentrated ownership of media

    • and entertainment, leisure etc.

      • Stretching

    • Cultural imperialism

      • Bolsters western economies


Growing Inequalities

  • Gulg between the information rich and information poor


Concentration of Ownership

  • Transnational infrastructure

  • which bypasses the nation state

  • Media dominated worldwide by ten main players

  • Size benefits so many mergers

  • Growing presence in FT500

    • It's important because of the symbolic and cultural significance of the project

    • Possibly anti-democratic

      • Murdoch wanted whole empire to be pro-china to gain access


Cultural Imperialism

  • Reduction of cultural differences

  • Works to the wests advantage

  • Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, Frankfurt School of Sociology, worked on:

    • Homogenization of culture

    • Authoritarian domination

      • = characterizing capitalism

    • Argument is stretched

    • Culture is something bought and sold

    • UNESCO called for new order

    • Culture flows are very uneven

    • Larger culture threatens more vulnerable ones

    • News controlled by west for profit, not common good

    • Five western news corps. make 80% of world news

      • About a quarter of this is about developing countries

    • Herbert Schiller = cultural imperialism theory

      • Global culture doesn't draw on the globe, but disseminates western culture.

      • Global cultural flows are about dominance.

      • This focuses on broader structures.

      • USA, W. Europe and Japan dominates

      • Microsoft and media companies try and get people to buy products which are about communication.

      • USA imports one percent of tb.

      • Forty percent of world tb is us

      • English is the language of advantage.

        • One quarter of the world's population can speak it.

        • 47% of world translations are into English

          • This is the opposite of diversity

          • Recognition

            • France taxes cultural imports

            • Iran's banned satellites

        • Left and right alliance?

          • Left = opposes conglomerate business?

          • Right = defends national culture

        • Structural explanation because it looks cultural domination with economic benefit

        • Donald duck carries the message of how third world should live.


Summery

  • globalists focus on structures

  • Global culture flows signal the demise of national culture

  • Positive globlists

    • Global village and a revitalized public sphere

      • Restoration of community

      • Open access to global communication

      • Liberal perspective globalists say choice weakens cultural elitism.

Pessimistic Globalists

  • Globalism doesn't level, but increases inequality

  • Media companies are massive structures, closely linked and heir interests span entertainment etc.

  • Cultural imperialism

    • Two central notions

      • Dominant west. culture

      • Strategy to meet economic goals


Internationalists

  • Key cultural forms and institutions remain national

  • cultural imperialism overstates external structural forces an undervalues local dynamics and human agency

  • Internationalists reeo argument is in the durability of the local and nation states

  • National culture

    • frged in history

      • Centuries of continuity

      • Collective experience

    • Disney

      • Makes profit

      • Not deep connection with life


Four examples of National Continuities

  • Public broadcasting

  • press

  • News

  • Systems of regulation

    • Telegraph (Victorian)

      • Was more revolutionary


National and Global Television Audiences

  • BBC got better when ITV came, and competes well, and this is duplicated in other countries.

    • Much hype around satellite but few have it, so must be cautious about claims of new communication technologies.

    • truly international channels are a fraction of what people watch.

    • Star TV in India had to be replaced with localized version

THE PRESS

  • Mostly local

  • Few global papers, high-brow and tiny consumption

NEWS

  • Few watch CNN compared to local news

REGULATION

  • Very local, with some pressure for govs. to allow in all media in 'public interest'


'Victorian internet'

  • Instant communication

  • All news gathering, diplomacy etc had to be rethought


Summery

  • Nationstaae still regulates the media

  • Telegraph more revolutionary


Transformationalists

  • there are changed bu they are varied and contradictory.


Culture flows are not one way

  • Contravening flows

    • World music

    • US TV importers also export

    • Regional flows

    • world divided into geolingustic areas with own internal dynamics as well as global ties


  • Need to distinguish if a country needs to import to fill schedule, or if it chooses to.

  • Types of export, eg. US=fiction

  • Also duration, eg. much US to latin America was replaced with domestic production


The Audience for Imported Television


  • Local is most popular and at peak times

  • US exports have their culture stripped to appeal to all, so imports are cheap and for off-peak hours

  • = volume doesn't duate with cultural significance


Cultural Purity and Cultural Swapping


  • What is the local culture that is supposedly being invaded how is it defined?

  • Creolism = third culture from two side by side.


Reading culture

  • Decode = consumers make sence

  • Significance of imported culture

  • How do they decode, do they inculcation of western values and desires?

  • Views bring their won cultural understanding

    • Need to shift from quantitative to qualitative

      • What

        • Domination

        • Resistance

        • Negotiation

      • Interpenetration

        • People see stuff and relate it to their own culture

        • There's not passive acceptance


Summery

  • National identity is problematic notion

  • Reading cultural texts is complex


CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY


Technological determinism

  • Stone age

  • Technological age

    • Society defined by technology

    • i.e. computers create the information society

    • But technologies came from societies themselves eg. cold war focus on ARPANET etc.


Summery

  • History suggests gradual impact fro technology

  • Technologies are socially shaped


CONCLUSION


  • Quantitative evidence = globalisation

    • Interpretations

      • Positive globalists

        • Global village

        • No paternalistic public broadcasting

      • Pessimistic globalists

        • Structures

          • Inequalities

          • Global media corporations

          • Imperialism thesis

            • Schiller

              • Western interests

      • Internationalists

        • Focus

          • Continuity

            • Local and national cultures

            • Resilience

            • National nature of press

          • Telegraph

            • Not new phenomenon

      • Trasformationalists

        • Focus

          • Qualitative

            • What sense is made of imported television?

            • Complex flows

            • Local differences remain


Flows and patterns

  • Making sense

    • Structures

    • Corporations

    • Cultural domination

    • Quantitative

    • Qualitative

      • Focus

        • Agency

          • Nations and individuals

          • Consumption of culture

          • Sense making

          • Active natures of audiences


EXTRACTING KEY POINTS

Optimistic Globalists

Pessimistic Globalists

Internationalists

Transformationalists

What is cultural globalisation?

New opportunities for ress exchange of ideas and info free from state control

Concentration of power to spread ideas to few, who flood minor cultures.

Potential to spread ideas but nations remain in charge and local media

Cultural flows increasing, but significance difficult to measure

How significant is contemporary globalisation?

Highly

Highly

Little

Potentially, but unpredictable and requiring further study

What is the im;pat on national cultures, identities and politics

Enriching

Democratizing

Swamping

Hedgemonising

Marginal

Peripheral

Potentially significant but varied and unpredictable

Are there winners and losers?

Potentially all are winners

West and corporations win. Losers are minority cultures

Weak are potential losers

Comples. Potential for minorities within nation states to benefit.

Evidence used

Quantitative data on information flows. Qualitative interpretation of Internet etc.

Patters of media ownership. Patterns of cultural flow.

Quantitative audience share and readership. Historical evidence of telegraph effects

Data on program content. Qualitative evidence. Active role of media recipients.

EXAMINING THE COHERENCE OF AN ARGUMENT


  • Hugh Mackay

  • technologie's effect gradual

  • Technologies constrain societies but are also produced by them


  • eg. telegraph argument

    • Useful invention

    • Active application

    • Excessive claims of impact

    • Underestimation of the role of humans and non-technical factors.


Questioning

  • If telegraph real revolution, but then claim overblown... how can that argument mean the Internet is overblown?

  • Do not more people have access to the Internet?? Is there an unsustainable assumption?

  • Does take into account that technologies are social in origin but can develop a momentum of their own.

    • i.e doubt can be raised about this/any argument


READING QUANTITATIVE AND DIAGRAMMATIC EVIDENCE


  • Such information can contain various unconscious presumptions

    • Note sources

    • Consider bias

    • eg. on TV data

      • Does choice of channels matter?

      • Is the source of programmes important

      • Are there alternatives to TB as cultural influences?

      • How much time do people spend watching TV?


Tables generally give more precise data but are harder to understand


THEORIES OF GLOBALISATION AND POLLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

Marxism

Liberalism

Positive Globalists


Belief in power of the free market.

Value of choice and diversity

Pessimistic Globalists

Growing inequalities of people and nations.

Concentration of ownership

Western cultural imperialism


Internationalists

Traditional patterns of power and inequality remain

people have been given wider choice

Transformationalists

Could be the development of regional capitalist groups... three?

Culture is the two way flow, less popular slots reflecting consumer choice.

People localize the cultural message






Some overlap.

Even more so if had have added conservatism


AUDIO 7B


  • Globalisation is all, eg. marriage choice

  • In EU, nation states still very resilient.

  • Global types of war now.

  • Isonasionalist countries don't do so well now. India did better when liberalized and curbed the overreach of state.

  • Many poor country problems exists by themselves without globalisation.

  • globallisatoin good as need stable free etc. to attract foreign investment.

  • Need civil society over glob.

  • This is the second wave of globalisation after 19C late

  • world government like Eu, and world bank, but economic not political.



CHAPTER THREE – ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION


  • Heart

    • Economic pressures are driving


Key tasks:

  • Reexamine debates with a focus on the economy

  • Apply tests of stretching, intensification,, interpenetetration and the development of global infrastructure to these debates

  • Identify winners and losers

  • Explore internationalist critiques of economic globalisaion


  • UK factories relocating

    • Globalisation

    • ?Or more traditional economic understanding

    • This chapter outlines the internationalist case


Approaching the debate on Economic Globalization


  • Not yet a single, integrated economy

  • It's still a process at present


Economics

  • Establish power in the world

    • and of:

      • individuals

      • investments

      • power


The Globalist Perspective of Economic Globalisation


International Trade = Total Merchandise Output (manufacturing, mining, agricultural and service industries) Matters the lev4el relative to the total output ie. what is left over after domestics

  • Growing integration of economies

    • Based on five principles

      • Growing int. trade

        • Lower trade barriers

        • More competition

      • Increasing financial flows

        • FDI

          • Greenfield

          • Mergers

          • acquisitions

          • Brand new investments

        • Increased communication

        • Various technological advances

          • Electronics

          • Transportation

          • Bioengineering etc.

FDI = Foreign Direct Investment. Borrowing and lending in international economy defining multinational corporations.

MNC's, when they set up and operate abroad then it's effectively a loan.

  • Globalist interpretation is that the economies are in the precess of stretching to a new global economy, i.e. all linked and what happens in one place affect another.

  • MNC's cooperate with intensifications of flows, central to argument based on improved technology.

  • World competition on supermarket shelves

  • World organization like WTO regulate


The Evidence Used by Globalists

  • Technology advances

  • Transfer of various aspects of production

    • Imported components

  • Travel, arrivals increasing


Winners and Losers: We are all Potential Winners from Globalisation

  • Consumers primary benefactors

    • Faster growth

    • Quicker access to new technology

    • Cheaper imports

    • Greater competition


Economic Liberals = Liberalism = let individuals make choices. j Economic liberals think all individual freedom best promoted by increasing free market socially and economically, limit government interventions and tolerate inequalities if necessary.

  • Liberals

    • Globalism increases efficiency

  • Technology moves faster

    • from richer to poorer

  • Rich lend surplus

  • Removed trade barriers

    • Reduces the role of government

      • Less corruption

      • Less plutocratic barriers to growth

    • Richer countries have less income equality

    • Most global countries tend to be the smaller ones like Singapore or Ireland

      • i..e. no superpower dominance


Winners and Losers: We are All Potential Losers from Economic Globalisation

  • More inequality

  • Less state power to organize economy and taxation

  • Power away from elected to market forces which need to be appeased to keep investment

  • Same technologies benefit terrorists

    • Oil spills

    • Bovine disease

Median Income: Income of a person placed in the middle of earnings rankings, eg. 01 people, median 51st highest earner

  • Rich countries manufacturers move overseas, so less wages, but managers earn more.

  • In 97 meltdown, Brazil devalued, despite good management.

Winners and Losers: Those who Lost the Most from Economic Globalisation

  • Opposition

    • Varied

      • Conspiracy theorists

Socialist and Marxist Framework = in contrast with liberals, they see continued conflict between classes. They want collective structural reform over individual choice.


  • In global trade, most benefit goes to the rich party thus making them even stronger.

    • Feminisation

      • Third world female labour incorporated into production

      • Subsidises wage labour to men

    • Women from poorer countries who otherwise wouldn't have entered the labour market have done so.

      • 'Offshore proletariat'.

    • Migration is negative for females

      • Males do well when become educated

    • Sex tourism


Summery – Globalists???

  • Drivers to globalist

    • Low trade barriers

    • Technilogiacal advances

    • Increased labour mobility

    • = economic processes stretched

    • Flows intensified

    • Economies interpenetrated

    • Developing global infrastructure

  • Multicomponent goods

  • Foreign investment

    • Communication

    • Tourism

  • positive globalist say all will benefit

  • Pessimists = losers

    • Poor of south

    • Unskilled on North

    • All from Pollution.


TRANSFORMATIONALIST VIEW OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION

  • Phenomenon of globaisation can be harnessed

    • Forces

      • Resisted

      • Negotiated

      • ControlGlobalists say economy determines political and cultural realms. Internationalists say cultural communities and nations have agency. Yes, eonomis shape these things, but the relationship is complex. States must exercise some control over economic institutions. Multinational domination not an inevitability eg. Globalism made states stop passive welfare to retraining, but it didn't extinguish welfare.

      • Governments are the main harnessing agents

        • Also internet groups

        • Cross border solidarity

GATT = The General Agreement on tariffs and Trade 1947. Reduces state restrictions on international trade. Absorbed into WTO in 1995

  • Regionalism

  • Regional economic groupings

  • Most international trade is like this, not global.

  • InterIntre-regional = within region = is generally increasing, which supports the internationalist view.

    • State can limit

      • Malaysia

      • France

          US cagle

        • CAD

  • also, there's interstate cooperation to limit effect


Summary

  • Significant changed but globalisation a precoss that's not irreversible

  • Gov. can impact trading patterns

  • States work together to limit corpss. and economic institutions.

  • Strength of regional economic groupings show state can benefit from globalisation without submitting to unfettered global pressures

  • States can and do cooperate to make mutually beneficial rules

  • Women's rights could improve by cooperation across frontiers


THE INTERNATIONALIST CRITIQUE OF GLOBALISATION

  • Emphasis on continuities

  • International economy and governance has growing interconnectedness compatible with an open world economy of interlinked trading nations.

  • Like transformationalists, they say trade is predominantly regional, but unlike them, they look to developments within national economies rather than states to explain it.

  • Most nation economies remain national and regional development continues broadly as before, so it's due to regional economies rather than national ones.


ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION AS A CONTINUING DEBATE

  • Adequacy and validy of empirical evidence questioned

  • It's just a debate, not a phenonoma

  • Constructe by other two positions

  • Presumptive questions about globalisation; it doesn't exist

  • globalisation is seen as Eurocentric classic story of modernity so history is really a narrative of European progress= their progress is a backdrop to it all.

    • Globalisation can mean unfetted free movement and so IMF ec. impose painful structural adjustment on south.

  • Feminist

    • How international economic sphere has been constructed

      • Left out

        • Certain:

          • Workers

          • Firms

          • Sectors

      • Focus

        • Impersonal markets

          • Women's issues in private sphere

            • Gender rendered invisible

            • Only paid work noted

          • Globalisation =

            • Male cultural properties

            • Male power dynamics

  • Environmentalists

    • Often globalisation taken as inevitable to avoid taking measures in sustainability.

  • Conservatives

    • National identity necessary for peoples' well-being.


  • Economic decisions are socially embedded even if globalisation tries to mask his. eg. communism failed and profit making legal

Economic Evidence for the Internationalist Case on Economic Globalisation


  • Evidence

    • Globalists

      • Misrepresent

        • Focus since middle 20C

    • Actually

      • Current growth same as before WWI

        • Ratio of Merchandise trade to GDP

        • i.e. no intensification and resulting interpenetration

    • Naional economies are what count

      • Growth is because of, not in spite of, the self-interested actions of nations.

        • i.e. it's = links between separate national economies = international economy

        • NOT economic organization without borders = Universal global economy.

  • Notion of international economy based on interdependence

    • Butterfly

  • Notion of global economy based on integration

    • Effects in two places are the same event

  • State economies have benefited from increased connections, but when those economies are tr]threatened by he connections, then action is taken to curb it. eg US steel tarrifs.

  • Another example:

    • Agriculture

      • Three world groups

        • EU

        • USA

        • The Cairns Group

          • OZ

          • NZ

          • Canada

            • Large scale production

              • Argues for free trade

                • No tarrifs or subsidy

        • EU

          • Smaller production

            • Argues for subsidy

        • US

          • Midway Producers

  • Internationalists argue that liberalization of trade is only accepted if it's in a nation states interests.


Multinational Corporation

  • Key to globalisation

Transnational corporation

  • ithout a base, not tied to a national economy

  • TNC has no base and is very rare

  • So, following on from MCN & TNC, growth in trade has led to international interdependence BUT, the increase in capital flow is not sufficient to wrrent integration label

  • = Not genuinely international economy only real globalisatio would be huge capital flows between tnc's.

  • FDI is up, which globalists take as evidence for glabalisation but capital flows are a the same level now as a centruy ago, and are the real measure of what is happening i the world economy.,.

  • This is why they are 'internationalists', because they say that capital flows between advanced nations show what is going on.

G8 = main industrialised nations.

Capital Flows = The amount of capital (borrowing and lending) that moves from one country to another in a set time period an be physical or speculative. Sometimes these flows are expressed as 'international investment'.


  • So

    • Critique

      • Two claims

        • No TNC and foot loose capital involvement

        • Economic governance is in the hands of a few G8 countries.

      • Powerful countries dictate what will occur. States rule over powerless in their own interests, deciding how globalisation shall progress. They need trade but have to follow rich rules.

Footloose Capital = productive potential that is not tied to a particular location by economic need to be close to something for funds, specialized labour or market i.e. it can move easily.

OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 30 member states, commitment to democratic government and the market economy. Best know for its publications and statistics on a wide range of things.


If FDI generally between developed economies, then it's an argument against globlisation. I's more greeter trade within existing set of economic relations' rather than 'new economic structure'.


Developed countries tend to export dynamic goods, gugh demand, opposite for developing economies, whos trade is stagnant.

Value Added = increase in value that can be measured at each stage in the production process.


Summary


  • There's evidence that globalisation has been exaggerated

  • 'International economy' has been too narrowly defined by globalists.

  • Continuities in key international economic indicators (trade and investment) are much more significant than the changes.

  • 'Globalisation' is really reinforcement of long and deeply entrenched patterns of inequality between rich and poor regions.

  • International governance still directed by rich countries in their own interests

  • Trade is mostly regional

    • Consumer markets mainly national

  • Importance of global trade is the same as 100 years ago.

  • MNC local, TNC rare

  • Poorer economies seem to benefit from exports. Value added benefit often to richer countries.


CONCLUSION

  • Globalisation taken by nearly all as read, but perhaps shouldn't be

  • Narrow definition


  • Structural indicators

    • Investment integration

    • Interdependencies

      • Sme increase

    • Capital flows

      • Sme

    • MNCs not TNCs


Internationalist argument

  • National economies = agents

    • Within the economic system = structure

    • Glbaliss think latter is structure hat dictates what the agents can do

    • Internationalists no, it doesn't constrain.

    • AND MNCs also agents tied to a national economy

    • And so nations can control them to some extent.

    • Interdependence doe not amount to integration of a global economy, so national economies are still main economic governance and they not pure slaves to economic forces

    • So: structure does not dominate agency to the extent that it does for globalists


DECIPHERING TECHNOLOGY


FDI = export of capital eg overseas factory = loat.

GATT was the basis of the WTO


  • Question yourself on the gist of a chapter after each so that it goes deeper.


Winners and Losers from Globalisations


Winners


  • Traffickers

  • MNC's

  • Consumers

    • Choice

    • New commodities

  • Everyone

    • Peace

  • Poorer countries (positive globalists)

    • reduced corruption

    • Reduced bureaucracy


Losers


  • Workers in richer countries

  • Victims of traffickers

  • Vulnerable economies

  • All (pessimistic globalists)

    • Pollution

    • Rich/poor gap

    • Less democratic accountability

    • Crime and terrorism possibilities

    • Less employment certainty

    • Exploitation of workers

    • Women

      • Vulnerability in labour market

      • Subsistence farming

      • Cheap labour in manufacturing and service sector

      • Migrant labour

      • Sex tourism

  • Fourth class

  • Africa and South America

    • No export impact of dynamic products


= This is all a way to make notes more user friendly eg. making a winner/loser group makes notes more user friendly


PRACTICE WITH NUMBERS


Noting the size of growth helps make sense of figures i.e. precious level compared to the present. eg exports in the current year minus exports in the precious year.


Current 500,000 100

Past 1,000,000 1 = 50%


eg. previous year experts = 10,000,000

Increase of exports in the year in question = 500,000

Exports for the year in question 1,500,000


10,500,000 = Total

10,000,000 = Last year

500,000 = subtract for growth


Rate of growth in exports = Growth in exports

Previous level


= 500,000 100

10,000,000 X 1 = 5%


FORMULA = DIVIDE GROWTH BY PREVIOUS AND TIMES BY A HUNDRED


eg.


Gdp = 500,000,000

Trade = 100,000


So... the gdp percentage produced by trade ...


100,000,000 / 500,000,000 = 0.2 X100 = 20%


---


2002 Exports = 455m

2003 Exports 623m


= get growth first


623 – 455 = 168 = absolute growth


Then, growth into previous:


168 / 455 = 0.36 X100 = 36.9% YES!


--


Same example, but inflation is 10%

So, how much have exports increased?

So... first you must minus ten percent from this years figures, then do the sum as normal.


10% of 623 = 62.3

623 – 62.3 = 560.7 (= 2003 exports at 2002 prices as inflation is canceled out)


560.7 – 455 = 105.7 (real growth)


105.7 / 455 = 0.23 X100 = 23%


--


2003 GDP = 213502

Merchendise = 27105


What is the merchandise trade ratio as a percentage?


27105 / 213502 = 0.12 = 12.7%


--


APPLYING THEORIES OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION: THE STORY OF BANANAS


Bananas

  • winward got concessions, but argument that grants better so they moernise an compete.

  • EU said will collapse and turn to drugs.

  • Now, encouragement to diversity


An Inter-nationalist Analysis:

  • Self interest evident

  • Continuity with old trading patterns

  • MNC interests defended by nation states

  • Rich states emerge as victors


Ultimately all nation states were self interested and winwar islands not so powerful, an so destined to lose.


Many US MNC's in the Caribbean.


so WTO against Caribbean was inevitable


Positive Globalist Analysis


  • Stress overall benefits of free trade, tis short-term problem

  • Strell long-term benefit of better long term efficiency for the Islands i.e. selling more efficiently produced bananas o a wider market

    • WTO key part of growing infrastructure


Pessimistic Globalist


  • See US as representing big business


  • Stress:

    • Suffering

    • Growth of exploitation


  • Agreed WTO part of global infrastructure


Transformationalist Analysis


  • Recognise intensification of global interaction involved in the dispute

  • Stress uncertainty rather than inevitability of outcome


Evaluation of the Internationalist View


  • Evidence that international trade an investment are not new.

  • Evidence regional gropings still control international links, and most MNC's in ountires which control and protect them.

  • Evidence most companies and consumer markets remain largely national.

  • Evidence glbalisation is uneven, significance open to debate

  • View that its illogical to see global forces as inevitable

  • Taking into account how states and cultures can and have resisted and adapted to globalisation pressures


If accept this, then internationalist argument is strong as:


  • Empirically adequate

  • Logical (coherence

  • Takes into account a range of factors (comprehensiveness)


Can say weak because:


Empirical adequacy

  • Underplays the integration of the world economy eg. Asian crisis. MNC's can be controlled somewhat, but they are still free to exploit labour worldwide et.

Coherence

  • Can be suggested that it's not coherent to treat growing regionalisaton as an alternative to globalisation – it could simply be a state in the development of a global economy.

Comprehensiveness

  • Could be argued that inter-nationalist argument underplays globallising effects of cultural processes. The inter-nationalist focus on financial value of trade and investment might miss the possible intergrating effects of global transmissions.


All this is just an example of how the arguments can be critiques.


POWERSHIFT: FROM NATIONAL GOVERNMENT TO GLOBAL GOVERNANCE


This chapter focuses on the transformationalist's position, i.e. power no longer on a primarily national scale, nation state still important in global governance


Key Tasks:


  • To answer, 'Is politics becoming globalised?'

    • And explain transformationalist position

  • Understand the concept of 'global governance'

    • How conducted

    • In whose interest?

  • Consider if it is all causing a more unruly or benign world

  • Critically evaluate transformationalist argument



  • Drugs worse on globalised world they escape the control of nation states. National controls were abandoned for free trade.


  • Globalisation

    • Questions

      • How should the world be governed?

        • Globalists

          • Governments are too small for forces of globalisation

          • Governments too big for recycling etc. UK

            • Eclipsed

              • EU above

              • MNC's beside


  • Internationalists

    • Nation states have extensive power

    • Globalisation reaffirms their centrality

  • Transformationalists

    • Governments have to adapt rules and functions

    • Present reconfiguration of power

    • Not losing power but readjusting

      • eg. UK EU debate

      • Classic questions posed afresh


Four Key Questions


  1. Is politics becoming globalised

    1. New transnational ?????

  2. What is global governance?

    1. How is it conducted?

    2. By whom?

    3. In whose interest?

  3. How much is power shift from national govs. and electorates to global governance?

  4. Unruly/benign?


POLITICS BEYOND BORDERS: FROM INTERNATIONAL TO GLOBAL POLITICS


  • Source of drugs are beyond UK borders

    • Though not demand

  • International solution required

  • UK policy affected by foreign govs. and groups

    • Both a UK policy at home and abroad i.e. curbing demand and supply


We need to define the constitution of the nation state


TERRITORY, POLITICS AND THE WORLD ORDER: THE WETPHALIAN IDEAL


  • world is organised into +190 political states = territoriality

    • Assumptive

    • In past, organised by fuzzy empires

  • States dominate politics because they control access to territory and economic, human and natural resources within (primacy)

  • States here to look after themselves and their citizens


Taylor

  • Peace of Westphalia (1648)

    • Europe's monarchs recognised each others sovereignty

    • 20C. empires collapsed, world's people organised politically, known as Westphalian system because of its origins

    • It's all still a charged debate as sovereignty is linked t identity

      • Westphalian system present

        • Passport checks

        • International diplomacy etc.


  • There is no overall drug policy

  • United Nation International Drug control Programme UNDCP has no power

    • Voluntary

  • International directives implemented by national agencies

    • Haphazard

      • Criminals locate where enforcement is weak

    • Based on control and cooperation by states

    • The state is central control to a nation, but the global equivalent is lacking/absent.

    • State about territory, so, it's still 'states as containers'.


Internationalists

  • Westphalia control

Globalists

  • Westphalia at odds with expanding globalisation


POLLITICAL GLOBALISATION: THE EMERGENCE OF GLOBAL POLITICS


  • UK enmeshed to the globe

    • Legal and illegal flows

    • Space like open containers


Globalists and transnationalists say politics itself is becoming globalised.


THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF THE STATE


G8 cooperated to stop drugs and crime

Lyon group in charge (senior experts group on transnational organised crime)

UNDCP equivalent at UN

Various US and Asian equivalents also exist

= internationalisation of the state that applies to almost all the business of government

Social security, taxation, environment, etc. all these issues have their roots abroad

and direct contact between officials


IGO = Intergovernmental Organization

  • Large growth globally

    • Mirror gov. departments

      • Summits

      • Conferences

        • 4000 annually

          • Gov. can't control.


THE TRANSNATIONALISATION OF POLITICAL ACTIVITY


  • Globalisation caused

    • = internationalsation of state

    • and transnationalisation of policies

      • Activities that cuts across societies

      • NGO

        • Shape policies

        • Debate

        • Get together and form a type of gov.

          • As do criminals

            • Diplomacy

            • 'Transnational networking'


  • Growth

    • All sorts of people are uniting and organising

    • Both temporary and permanent

    • 5000 now


Internationalists

  • Past empire

    • = internatnionlised nation state

    • Trans national political activity eg. slavery

    • Present distinction:

      • Massive institutionalization of intergovernmental and transnational networks of political interaction

        • formal eg. Greenpeace

        • Informal

          • Banker meetings

          • Drug cartels

      • Growth of new authorities

        • Above and below

          • EU, welsh assembly etc.

      • Evolving political polity


  • EU

  • UNDCP

    • Nascent system of regional and global government

      • = political coordination amount govs. ino gov. org. trans. nat agency towards common purpose through rule making and solving trans-border problems

      • But imbalances

        • Al queada in these imbalances


  • Developing infrastructure of a transnational civil society. Lots of NGO's and transnational organisations mobilize people power

    • Facilitated by communication advances

    • Citizen diplomacy

      • Transnational civil society

        • = political arena where citizens cooperate across borders for como goals

Transnational civil society = collective activities of all non-governmental organizations in global politics

  • representatives appear at formal deliberations eg. UN etc.


  • Not all positive

  • Not all equal power use


  • National interest is socialized into broader aims because of the organization a government belongs to.


THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE


  • Often described as pluralistic

    • Multiplicities of agencies

  • Three layer/infrastructures of governance

    • The suprastate

    • The substate

    • The transnational

      • National government in between


THE SUPRASTATE LAYER


  • Growth in inter-governmental organizations i.e. international bodies brought into existence by formal agreements between governments

  • diff. from informmal coop arrangements as exist as legal entities

  • All life covered

  • Most since 945

  • some wide, some specific

  • some, like NAFTA, about negative integration i.e removal of barriers, rather than institutions for collective decision making.

  • So many memberships for the UK governments, that differences are not always along national lines, so departments are together across boundaries and technically the government is arguing with a piece of itself.


THE SUBSTATE LAYER


  • Substate of national government operating across borders

    • Forums

    • bodies

      • Even bypass government

    • UK local authorities have own representative

      • Many municipal autorities seek to create their own international identity


THE TRANSNATIONAL LAYER


  • Not only government diplomats

    • Representatives of transnational civil society now

    • Transnational movements and NGO's don't have so much cash and so influence, but think of infrastructural power, i..e. how they gain a voice in global governance:

      • Shape attitudes and identities

      • Alter agendas

      • Give people access to decision making forums

      • exercise moral, spiritual or technical authority

      • Seeking to make others accountable

      • eg. Amnesty = transnational social movement. Campaigns, access to UK, define agenda by making sure human rights are not forgotten. campaigns are without base's. letter-writing. Have moral authority and legal/technical authority.

        • But unequal (such organisations), eg. few are African


MNC and their own transnational organisation eg. World Business Council have much influence. They focus on economic matters, but really it's all about economics really.


GLOBAL POLITICS: THE TRANSFORMATIONALIST CASE


  • Not 'state as container'

  • But 'state as a space of flows'

  • All issues that need governing flow across borders, so a global way of dealing with them has emerged.


Non-territorial communities of fate = social groups/collectives that share a common destiny or share a sense of solidarity


Summery


  • Transformationalists = globalisation will reconfigure state power

  • Global politics accepts overlapping communities of fate an the significance of multi-layered global governance in the management of human affairs.


GOVERNING THE GLOBAL NEIGHNOURHOOD


Asian crisis, G8 discussed how to reign world system = governance


What of the theories of global government (3)?


HEGEMONIC GOVERNANCE – THE INTERNATIONALIST ARGUMENT


Example, Asian crisis. Japan wanted regional fund but US thought it would give away money without reform, so it vetoed and gave rescue, so the US was decisive.

Hegemonic government = government by the great power(s) of the day.

  • In cold war, no hegemony Now US, which can bypass UN ec and so very influential, so internationalist they say US as dominant shapes structures, patterns and outcomes of global governance

    • And really, globalisation is a US inspired liberal world order, not independent


GLOBAL CAPIAL RULES OK! - THE GLOBALIST ARGUMENT


  • Hegemony is global corporate capital

    • US help in Asian crisis as business interests there

    • In return for loans, there were new opportunities for consolidating the power of global power

    • Global capital has primacy

    • Political empires replaced by corporate

    • Empires

    • Unwritten constitution which privileges the agenda of a global capitalism

Cosmocracy = global capitalist elite

  • Asian crash – globalist interpretation

    • All bankers, corporate etc. defused crisis before it threatened recession i.e. existing global order nurtures and protects the capitalist order.


PEOPLE POWER: THE TRANSFORMATIONAL ARGUMENT


  • Says the globalists and inter nationalists overemphases structure at the expense of agency

    • Remember the currently changing nature of governments

    • and governments shape the conduct and make up of global government

  • Emphasizes reflexivity rather than determinism

    • Stresses (in global gov.)

      • People power

      • The role of expertise

        • Governance from below

        • Network politics

Systemic risks = collective dangers and threats created by global/regional activities.

Risk society = a society characterized by the perceptions of risks and dangers, which requires expert knowledge to deal with.

  • Many risks are global eg. financial meltdown and many times it is governed by experts eg. CAA for flying

    • eg. since Shanghai 1909 and rug regulation started, experts involved, eg. chemists define 'drug', customs expert, legal experts, banking experts etc.

Epistemic = based on knowledge or expertise

  • Epistemic communities depoliticize issues best dealt with by experts, eg. US and Iran cooperate on drugs

    • Raises questions of democratic credentials of global governance


The three layer accounts of global government are complimentary to the transformationalists each is an aspect of global power relations. correspond to three principle structures that form world order

  • Geopolitics and the inter-state system

  • System of global capitalist production

  • Global social system


Summery

Internationalist (hegemonic governance)

Globalist (rule of global capital)

Transformationalist (technocratic governance, governance from below)

Key agents/ agencies of rule

Dominant states

Global corporate and financial capital

Epistemic communities, NGO's and social movements

Who rules?

Hierarchy. US as hegemony.

Cosmocracy – transnational business civilization

Polyarchy – diverse social forces and interests.

In whose interest?

National and geostrategic interests

Global capital

Sectional and collective.

Peoples and planetary interests

Through what means?

Coercion and consent

Structural power

Global markets constrain what nation states can do.

Application of knowledge, procedures and technical deliberation.

Mobilization across borders transnational coalition building.

To what ends?

maintenance of global order conductive to hegemonic interests.

Stability and reproduction of global capital and order

Efficient, accountable and effective governance. contesting and resisting globalisation from above.






  • Transforationalist view of global governance

    • Acknowledges the significance of hegemonic states and global capital, but says both (globalists and internationalists) too deterministic.

    • Transformtionalist account emphasis on governance from below and governance by experts.


EXTRACTING KEY POINTS FROM CHAPTER FOUR


  • Westphalian compared to multi-layered global governance

    • Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

      • Multi-reason war

        • Emperor of Austria

          • Wanted much of Europe

            • LOST

          • Individual princes with autonomy arose


Key Features of the Westphalian system:

  • Territoriality

  • Sovereignty

  • Autonomy

  • Primacy

  • Anarchy???

Westphalian Ideal

Post Westphalian System

Territoriality

Powers of state within borders

borders matter – but don't define political life.

Sovereignty

Absolute power of state

State power is redefined. Sovereignty = barginining tool being bartered, shared and divided.

Autonomy

States right to self-determination and non-interference.

State autonomy compromised by interdependence

Primacy

Sate highest power. Relative but sate, force??

Challenged

Anarchy

Interstate politics has dominant power. Politics is free for all

Sharing of pol. (heterarhy)

Erosion of division between domestic and international.

RECAP NOTES


  • All human activity moves across borders

  • Nation states are now 'spaces permeated by global flows and networks'

  • Power is being internationalised.

  • G8 – many problems can't be solved by one country

  • Connections of government bodies with international bodies

  • New authority centres, above and alongside of state

  • Growing infrastructure of transnational civil authority

  • Gvs. accept order controls for interests eg. EU.


Layers of global Government

Supra state layer

  • evidence of institutions of global governance

    • Largo no of int. bodies eto etc

      • Legal entities. Pensions etc.

      • Regional groupings and global alliances

      • Frequent and substantive summits

      • International bodies shape domestic policies

      • Conflicts often reflect functions rather than nations eg. finance


MORE NOTES RECAPD


  • National politics now embedded in wider 'communities of fate'

  • Power shift from state to global market eg. Asian crash

  • Network politics can resist thr forces of globalisation

  • Important role of experts in dealing with systemic risks at the expense of governments and citizens


EVALUATION THE TRANSFORMATIONALST ARGUMENT

  • FROM AN INTERNATIONALIST PERSPECTIVE


Transformationalist argument

  • Problems for state systems

    • Growth of international bodies

      • States have to adapt

        • New multi layered system of world government


Internationalist argument

  • Are the problems state so much worse then those faced in the past?

    • Many pasts threats to existence of states

      • Nazis

      • Black death

  • Are international bodies simpy a response to problems, or do they merely reflect new ways of pursuing a narrow national interest eg. US WTO US pushed own interests.

  • Are states really adapting their roles to such an extent?

    • Still:

      • Police population

      • Control immigration

      • Imprison

      • Tax

      • Conscript

      • Educate

  • Is there really evidence of a new pattern of world governance?

    • No one attacks North Korea


Three tests applied to this chapter


Coherence

  • considering campaign against slave trade 100 years ago, how can glob. be new?

  • How can say both inability of state to govern AND there are inequalities This only supports inernaionalists case that at different historical periods different dominnt oers conrol.

  • If many vulnerable voices ar4 not heard, does this not support the traditionalist position?

  • Why assume sates will accept new roles? Are there unsustainable assumptions of inevitability contained in this argument?


Empirical Adequacy

  • Some sates have rejected regional groupings eg. Swiss

  • How representative are NGO's? How does the Peking womans' forum represent yanks?

  • How effective is any organisation in stopping rain forest destruction?

  • Does the evidence explain the rise of nationalism in east Timor or Croatia?


Comprehensiveness

  • Does it adequately take into account US strength and for others to dominate??? IS it a model that works for small and medium sized sates bu not superpowers?


Globalist Criticisms


  • EU membership reduced UK sovereignty Is it coherent to say state power is hanging rather than being lost?

  • Isn't the failure of states to deal with international problems like drugs show that state power is a thing of the past, so the argument is not empirically adequate

  • Does the transformationalist position adequately consider MNC poer to shape consumption patterns. So, is it a comprehensive argument?


Heterarchy = political authority shared and divided between different layers of governance and in which many agencies share in the task of governance,

Reflexive state: government by the strategic coordinating of resources and networks of power from the global to the local


  • Transformational account recognises not only strategic importance of states but also the changed structural context in which they now operate

  • Reconfiguration does not necessarily signal decline of state

  • Command and control state of Westphallian has given way to the reflexive or network state.


CONCLUSION: FROM THE 'WESTFAILURE' SYSTEM TO MULTILAYERED GOVERNMENT


  • Politics is becoming globalised, new focus of transnational political activity and organisation.

  • Govs. and organisations work across borders to common goals = global governance To transnatiionalists the three accounts are complementary and they analyise the structural forces ad the dynamics of political agency.

  • Globalization is an historic power shift from govs. and electorates to global governance and democratic deficit i.e. trans. nat. civil society is unrepresentative of the world community

  • Globalised world more unruly. Global risk society, problem scan only be addressed by representative, responsive global governance.



TV05 – About computer games

  • what role do they play socially? Culturally?

  • Are they mostly male? Japanese?

    • Japanese cultural values?


STUDY SKILLS SUPPLEMENT THREE – READING MAPS

  • Mercator, Flemish mapmaker

  • Represented straight lines on a chart to aid navigation so that sailors would know bearings, but the 'projection' was used onto world maps

  • Who decides what goes in and what gets left out?


  • Maps now from satellites, so are they objective and value free?


Maps as everyday experience

  • Underground, shopping centres etc.

  • And we use mental maps all the time


Maps as knowledge

  • Historical reors as things change over time

  • Subvert alternative views

    • Indigenous land is empty for colonisation

  • Lines affect lives

    • eg. partition


Maps and the circuit of knowledge

  • they are the 'evidence' part

  • And evaluation is things like, who made it, are there alternative maps etc


Maps and the Modern world

  • International borders

  • Your property

    • Claiming and naming

  • Mining

  • War

  • Pollution

  • Disease

  • Radiation


Reading maps

  • Remember:

    • Selection

    • Distortion

    • Generalisation


Map Reading

  • Data

  • Space

    • Geographic

    • On paper

  • Data = points

  • Lines = connections

  • Symbols = features

  • Colour/shading = areas

  • Sphere onto flat = projection

    • Often controversial


Conventions

  • North is up

  • Title

  • Date

  • Legend

  • Centering

    • A decision made by someone for a purpose

  • Source

    • Where the info came from

  • Scale

  • Projection

    • Representation of the curved earth on a flat surface

  • Colouring

    • Can have subconscious messages


Orientation

  • Orient = sun rises in east, early maps east at top

  • North for navigation, star and magnetic rock

    • Can be manipulated

      • More important at top


Grid or Graticule

  • 'Net of lines' to establish location

  • Smaller maps earth curve not affect.

  • Assume north at top of each line, but not really or they wouldn't converge at the top.


Centering

  • Draws attention

  • US maps often have US as centre


Key/legend

  • some standard, some not, always check.


Scale

  • Smaller

    • More detail lost

    • Rivers as lines

    • Towns as dots

    • Boundaries seem shorter as irregularities left out

    • The leaving out can be deliberate; technical necessity becomes a ploy.


Projection

  • Splitting Orange

  • Meracater

    • Good for direction

    • Shape with smaller centre

    • Bad for area and distance

  • Peters Projection

    • Bad, elongates landmasses

    • Better ????? area


  • All projections have pluses and minuses, choose which best for alternatives. atlases often have numerous.


You, Me and Maps

  • Include in TMA

  • make own

  • Analise the ones you come across


MAIN BOOK CONCLUSION


What is globalisation?

  • fault line between two views

    • Spatial conception

      • Stretching

      • Intensification

      • Speeding up

      • Interconnectedness

  • Myth

  • It's links between national economies

  • Consider the term 'globalisation'

  • Globalists and transnationalists = restrictions on state power

  • Internationalits say no set outcome

  • Both useful

    • One yields understanding of process of change over space and time.

    • The other highlights the nature of limits of these processes when judged against a set model of global order.


HOW DISTINCTIVE IS CONTEMPORARY GLOBALISATION?


? Nation states exist and so global management?


  • Can't say definitely as multi-dimensional and you need to consider what is going on in each sphere eg. nan note a onern in one sphere that doesn't apply in others.




WORKBOOK CONCLUSION


REFLECTION AND CONSOLIDATION


  • Themes

    • Structure and agency

    • Diversity of responses

    • Uncertainties it generates


EVALUATION REVISITED


  • coherence

  • empirical adequacy

  • Comprehensiveness

    • = evaluation on the circuit of knowledge.

Four features of globalisation were previously used to test empirical adequacy of any theory of glabalisation.


Imagine a big issue seller

  • Varied interpretations

  • Observe values shape the interpretation of evidence

  • steven Lokes??? 'Theories may be undetermined by data'

  • theory = evidence and values. Eurasian was globaliisation,

  • Never totally proved of disproved – jast varying evidence for and against.


COURSE THEMES REVISITED


  • How is the world more diverse and uncertain?

  • How much scope do agents have over destiny?

  • How important are global structures in shaping local and national action?

  • In terms of knowledge and knowing; how do we study social behavior and structures, and how valid is our evidence?

    • Globalists say diversity redeed eg. MNCs.

    • Transformationalists, uncertainties

    • Inernaltionalists,little has changed

  • Throughout the book, structure and agency have become relevant

    • eg chap one

      • State structures can't sovel big problems

      • Market dominance by major players

      • Pollution

      • Globalisation is the structure in which individual agency can influence major institutions

      • Super rich have the agency to exapre to isolation


ASSESSING BLOCK FOUR


  • Example question

    • Discuss the vie that the UK has lost its political and economic sovereignty in a global system

      • What type of question is it?

      • What is he central subject matter?

      • What terms need defining?

      • What are the:

        • key arguments

        • conflicting theories

      • Where are the main sources of evidence?

      • hat will the basic conclusion be?

      • How will I structure my answer?

      • what type of question is it?

      • Get the keyword and link it to suggested answer format

      • What length of answer:

        • = test

          • Material selection

          • Succinctness

      • What is the central subject matter?

        • UK

        • Political and economic sovereignty

      • What terms need defining?

        • Political – economic – sovereignty

          • and linked together to direct answer eg 'economic sovereignty'

      • What are the key arguments and conflicting theories?

        • Yes it has V. no it hasn't

          • X3 main theories

      • Main sources of evidence

        • Themes

          • From across the course

      • What will my basic conclusion be?

        • Which of the three theories best fits? Doesn't mater which, the quality of the justification counts.

          • How will I structure my answer?

            • Personal style

            • Intro

              • Intentions and conclusions

              • Outline evidence

                • Global trade

                • International media

                • Drug trade etc

              • Outline three theories

                • Strengths and weaknesses

                  • Evidence

                  • Comprehensiveness

                  • Coherence

            • Conclude with if question statement is true or untrue

      • EG.

        • Intro

          • Definition

          • Outline of intent

        • Evidence

        • Discussion

        • Conclusion

KEEP USING KEY WORDS FROMM THE QUESTION IN CENTRAL PLACES EG. opening sentences or paragraphs = will ensure you are answering the question which has been set.


ASSIGNMENTS BOOKLET


tma02 – 13 January 2009


General Notes


  • 32% of the mark. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding

  • 1200-1500 words. Read sec. 6 of workbook.


Question: Is it true to say that there is now a single global economy?


Learning outcomes

  • Knowledge and understanding

    • The meaning of globalisation

  • Cognitive skills

    • Evaluating arguments in terms of their coherence, the soundness of their empirical base d their comprehensiveness


Student Notes


  • Asked to discuss the nature of economic relations between states, and in particular, if there is now a single, global economy.

  • Starting point – discussion of globalisation in chapter one – definition and different interpretations of it esp chap three: economic globalisation

    • Is there a single economy?

    • Is there globalisation at all?

    • Globaliists say yes, not ethers question, so raise ritisisms of the analysis using the three course interpretation in chapter three. 9-2 and 71-74 of workbook 4

    • Coul break question down into several subsidiary questions

      • The meaning of the term 'globalisation'

      • The approach of globalists and the criticisms of them.

      • Where the balance lies between the competing positions

      • Frameworks in chapter one and section three discussing nature of the changes. SHADE ON MAP.

        • Discuss the nature of the global economy

          • Focus mainly on economic relations.

            • Evidence/argument in cultural or political terms from other parts of the block if appropriate

            • In all chapters the argument is given in terms of the three arguments and you have to assess whether the changes they identify points to the persistence of a 'single global economy'..

Use three tests of evidence and workbook sec 3.5 d 4.2, which show how it done. Identify key strengths and weaknesses of a theory, the evaluation tests re a way of doing this. YOU MUST EXPLLICITLY ADDRESS THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THEB THERIES


Referencing


Sec 2.4.1 of introduction, examples in section two, activities 5 and 12 (p11 of assignment booklet)

Two evaluation questions


Extra Internet Research


World Government

- Another layer over national

Regionalist organisations could be a step towards this:

  • Discussed in ancient Greece

    • Date 1329 in Monarchia

    • Immanuel Kant “perpetual peace: a Philosophical Sketch” 1795

      • Three requirements

        • Civil republican constitution

        • Law of nations founded on free states

        • Rights of citizens is condition of universal hospitality, i.e. can go anywhere you want but not stay unless invited.

    • Start of WW1, 450 international organisations and idea of establishing international gov. at that time.

    • British Empire one third of world, but in tr-nationalism?

    • 1950's Legal anthropologist E Adamson Hoebel concluded treatise saying legal realist tradition should include non-western nations. 4

    • EU stage to glob. of realism

      • Prev. warring

      • Now courts etc.

      • Elected parliament

      • Centralised economic policy

        • Shanghai five etc.

        • Currently, voluntary organisations, international organisations are the world gov

        • Realists.

          • UN etc. is De jure not de facto

4 The Primitive of Man 1954 331-333


De jour = concerning the law

De facto = concerning the fact


Mundialization = democratic globalisation that would bypass governments, NGO's and bodies.

  • Global democracy

  • World president

  • Change inter. governmental insts. controlled by nation states into global ones controlled by citizens

    • British political thinker Daved Held 12 books over ten years, power from nation states to global gov.


Multi-lateralism = multiple countries working in concert to a given issue


Internationalism = economic and political cooperation among nations for benefit of all, opposite to ultra nationalism, jingoism and national chauvinism


Jingoism = extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy


?mundialisation? = an area that describes itself to be a world citizen.


Global governance

  • Complex, formal and informal

  • mechanisms, relations, bodies etc

  • = consunsusrather than more powerful global institutions that would be a world government. No outside enforcement eg UN Global compact

  • Encourage socially responsible policies and reports on their implementation


cosmopolitanism/cosmopolite = all of humanity belongs to one moral community


Supranationalism = decision making democratically entrusted to experienced and trusted appointees. Nation-states gave power but must share.


Globalist Scenario Group Scenario

to analyise future

  • Conventional world

    • We carry on as we are but the free market corrects inefficiencies

  • Barbarization

    • The rich retreat, like a zombie film

  • The Great Transition

    • Less consumerism


International Nongovernmental Organisations

  • int. non profit

    • Scouts, red cross etc.

  • MNC's

  • Intergovernmental organisations IGO's

    • EU

    • UN


Federalism = group of members bound up with representative at head, sovereignty divided between members and head = federation


Realism

  • Defensive realism, states always increasing defense, creating instability

  • Liberal realist, there exists a 'society of states'

  • Photorealism/structural realism, international structures are a constraint on national behaviour

  • Offensive realism, states exploit opportunities to expand whenever they can

  • Political realism real state motivation is power and security rather they ideals and ethics

  • Subaltern realism, the third world cares more about short term issues

Realism = rejection of visionary, or, the universe exists outside out minds.


Proletarian Internationalism, workers of the world unite, common class interest


Globalisation

  • measuring

    • Goods and services

    • Labour and migration

    • Capital flows

    • Technology

  • Effects of globalisation

    • Industrial

      • Worldwide prodution markets

      • Broader access to products

      • Movement of goods and materials

    • Financial

      • Worldwide financial markets

      • Better access to external borrowing

      • Economic

        • Freedom of exchange of goods and services

      • Informal

        • Communication etc.

      • Language

      • Competition

        • Need world standard to sell things

      • Cultural

      • Ecological

        • International cooperation

      • Tourism

      • Immigration

      • Technical

        • Standards

        • Copyrights

        • Fiber optics etc

      • Legal/ethical

      • Sweatshops

      • Culture of free labour

        • Tiziana Terranova

        • Computer games = Chinese gold market

WTO – 153 members covering 95% of the world's trade

  • Overseas implementation f the agreements

  • Forum for settling disputes

  • Surveillance of global economic policy making

    • Transparency of trade policies

  • Principles

  • one – Non-discrimination

    • Most favored nation

      • = must apply same conditions on all trade with all wto members, special favours must be given to all..

      • National treatment = Imported goods must be treated as local, designed to tackle non-tariff barriers eg. technical

  • Two Reciprocity

    • Limits free-riding

  • three Binding and enforceable commitments

  • Four Transparency

    • Respond to requests for information by other countries.

    • To keep informed of trade policies etc.

  • five Safety valves

    • Restrict trade in certain areas for non-economic reasons

  • One country one vote but never gets to a vote, always consensus

  • Have to follow its directives to join, describing economic policies and any disputes with members that need settling.

  • Agreements on agriculture, copyrights, technical barriers to trade et.

  • Criticism

    • Promotes free trade which causes rich richer and poor poorer 55

    • Maring Khar, director of the third world network, sys says theres a bias towards rich countries


World Bank

  • Stated goal of reducing world poverty

    • Two bodies

      • International bank for reconstruction and development

      • International development association

        • Plus

          • International finance corporation

          • Multilateral investment guarantee agency

          • Internation centre for settlement of investment disputes

  • Started to rebuild Europe after Wwtwo

    • Then former colonies

    • Then world

  • Now

    • Millennium goals

    • Loans on small mark up over Aaa rating to developing countries if no access to credit markets

    • Reduces poverty by enabling environment for investment by:

      • building capacity

        • Strengthening governments

        • Educating gov. officials

      • Infrastructure Creation

        • Judicial systems for business encouragement

          • Property rights

          • Honoring of contracts

        • Development of financial system

          • Capable of large and micro credit

        • Combating corruption

        • Research, consultancy and training

          • Development issues

      • Funding

        • 45 donor countries

        • AAA lending

      • Loans

        • Investment loans

        • Development policy loans

      • Grants

        • Water

        • AIDS

        • AID

      • Global Learning Development Network

  • Criticism

    • Pushes US interests

    • Increased poverty

    • Pushed a neoliberal agenda

    • Bank of south set up as counter

    • Pro US stance

      • all heads US citizens

2008 repressed report that found food pushes up because of biofuel


REFS IN BOOK AND ON WIKI


Bank of the south

  1. proposed

  2. alt to world bank


Free Trade

  • Without tariff, subsidy or quote

  • Free access

  • No monopolies

  • Movement of capital

  • Adam smith said free trace caused ancient world to flourish, like India, Egypt and china etc

    • Opp. of Isonationalist

    • protectionist

  • Tariff cuts into producer surplus and raises domestic production, but lowers demand due to higher price

  • If tariff removed, producers lose but consumers benefit and have more surplus

  • Marxists say free trade is a tool of domination


Mercantalism = the prosperity of a nation is dependent on the supply of capital and global volume of trade is unchangeable and is measured by a countries gold reserves, which should be looked after via protectionism. sixteen to eighteenth century.


IMF

  • lender of last resort

  • In USA

    • Follows macroeconomic policies of member countries.

    • est. nineteen fourttyfour

    • countries contribute a pool of money and borrow if payment imbalance

    • one eight five countries

    • Stability

      • lend if instability

        • Balance of payment crisis

    • Supplied funding for dictators

    • Democracies have fell anyway after IMF loans


Nation states

  • always ambiguous

  • people diaspora

    • Iceland

    • Japan

    • Dependent territories


Irredentism = Claim larger border because people live or used to live there. 'greater' ­enter country name here!!!!!


Technological Determism – society not interact with but defined by technology. Opp. of social construction theory of technology.


Origins of government

    Farming populations

  • Density/pressure

    • Suddenly there starts new structures, like stars being born.

  • Five thousand years ago, small city states

    • Increased information

    • Further growth

    • More concentrated information

    • More concentrated power.


Hegemony = the dominant social group over another


Primacy = head of.


Civic society = civic and social organisations form basis of functioning society rather than force backed structures of state.


Telegraph is globalisation, former not free space, i.e. less access.

TMC fircs mnc


D
dutch Est India Company. 1662


Micromultinationals = small business sell abroad from start, easy now with more information available, eg. facebook.